1
Professor at Law and Political Science Faculty of Tehran University
2
PhD in International Law at Islamic Azad University Unit Qeshm
3
PhD in International Law at Shahid Beheshti University
Abstract
International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the supreme authority of making and passing international maritime regulations and standards. However, the member states have always had problems in enforcing these regulations. Employing a descriptive-inductive method, this paper aimed to examine the IMO’s role in empowering the member states to enforce regulations through its affiliated educational bodies. Considering the role of education in empowering the states facing such problems, IMO created a number of support guidelines to assist the member states in enforcing maritime laws and regulations. Still, IMO’s most important educational foundations are realized in its affiliated educational bodies, namely World Maritime University (WMU), International Maritime Law Institute (IMLI), and International Maritime Safety, Security, and Environment Academy (IMSSEA). Holding short-term courses and offering Bachelor’s, Master’s, and PhD programs in maritime science, these institutions aim to empower the member states, especially the developing ones. The outcome of these efforts was the nurturing of experts who serve in high positions in their countries to pursue the ultimate goals of IMO.
بناء نیاسری، ماشاءلله، حقوق اعتبارات اسنادی، ج2، انتشارات شهردانش، تهران، 1395.
جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر، مجموعه محشای قانون مدنی، انتشارات گنج دانش، چاپ سوم، تهران، 1382.
شهیدی، مهدی، حقوق مدنی (تشکیل قراردادها و تعهدات)، انتشارات مجد، تهران، 1377.
کاتوزیان، ناصر، حقوق مدنی (قواعد عمومی قراردادها)، ج1، شرکت سهامی انتشار باهمکاری بهمن برنا، چاپ هفتم، تهران، 1385.
موسوی خمینی، روحالله، تحریرالوسیله، المجلد 1 و 2، مؤسسه مطبوعاتی دار العلم، چاپ دوم، قم، بیتا.
ب. مقالهها
ابدالی، مهرزاد، «بررسی قراردادهای نامشروع (مغایر نظم عمومی) در حقوق فرانسه، انگلیس و ایران»، فصلنامة علمی ـ پژوهشی علوم انسانی، دانشکدة علوم انسانی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، شماره 37، 1383.
شهبازینیا، مرتضی و گروئی، فرشته، «تأثیر تقلب در معاملۀ پایه بر اعتبار اسنادی باتأکید بر رویکرد محاکم حقوقی ایران در پروندۀ سوء استفاده کلان بانکی (معروف به اختلاس سه هزار میلیاردی)»، مجله حقوق خصوصی، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، دوره پانزدهم، شماره اول، بهار و تابستان 1397.
ج. پایاننامه
ایوبی، زهرا، تقلب در معاملات اسنادی، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، 1390.
د. منابع لاتین
Alavi, Hamed, “Illegality as an Exception to Principle of Autonomy in Documentary Letters of Credit; a comparative Approach”, Korea University Law Review, Vol. 20, Issue 3, 2016.
Amaefule, Chumah, The exceptions to the principle of autonomy of documentary credits, D thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011.
Enonchong, Nelson, The Autonomy Principle of Letter of Credit: An Illegality Exception, LMCLQ, 2006.
Liao, Zhixiong, The illegality exception” reconsidered, For the Conference on International Trade and Business Law, Airlangga University and University of Waikato, 2015.
Low, Hang Ye, Grounds for withholding payment in documentary credits,D thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010.
Lu, Lu, Tthe Exceptions in Documentary Credits in English Law, D thesis, University of Plymout, 2011.
Brindle, Michael & Raymond Cox and others, Law of the bank payments,Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2004.
Ruiqiao, Zhang, A Comparative Study of the Fraud Exception Rule of Letters of Credit: Proposed Amendments to the Chinese Credit System, A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Degree of Master of Laws (LL.M.), McGill University, Montreal, Faculty of Law, 2009.
Gao, Xiang, “The Fraud Rule under the UN Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit: A Significant Contribution from an International Perspective”, Mason J. Int’l Comm. L, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2010, pp .48-73.
Mir Abbasi,S. B. , Akbarpour,H. and Akbarpour,M. (2020). Empowering Member States of the International Maritime Organization to Implement Rules and Regulations Case Study: Affiliated Educational Bodies. Judgment, 20(101), 43-62.
MLA
Mir Abbasi,S. B. , , Akbarpour,H. , and Akbarpour,M. . "Empowering Member States of the International Maritime Organization to Implement Rules and Regulations Case Study: Affiliated Educational Bodies", Judgment, 20, 101, 2020, 43-62.
HARVARD
Mir Abbasi S. B., Akbarpour H., Akbarpour M. (2020). 'Empowering Member States of the International Maritime Organization to Implement Rules and Regulations Case Study: Affiliated Educational Bodies', Judgment, 20(101), pp. 43-62.
CHICAGO
S. B. Mir Abbasi, H. Akbarpour and M. Akbarpour, "Empowering Member States of the International Maritime Organization to Implement Rules and Regulations Case Study: Affiliated Educational Bodies," Judgment, 20 101 (2020): 43-62,
VANCOUVER
Mir Abbasi S. B., Akbarpour H., Akbarpour M. Empowering Member States of the International Maritime Organization to Implement Rules and Regulations Case Study: Affiliated Educational Bodies. Judgment, 2020; 20(101): 43-62.