Judgment

Judgment

Seizure of Iranian Oil Carrier Vessel (Grease I) because of Entrance to European Union’s Borders

Document Type : Scientific

Author
Vahid Bazzar
PhD in International Law of Allameh Tabatabai University
Abstract
On July 4, 2019, the British Navy seized “Grace I”, carrying 2.1 million barrels of Iranian oil, by claiming it entered the European Union’s borders by crossing the Gibraltar Territorial Sea and violating the EU sanctions by transporting oil to Syria. The Strait of Gibraltar has 6 miles of the territorial sea, of which 3 miles claim the Gibraltar territorial sea. Also, there is a right of transit passage in the area. In spite of the announcement of the UK on the place of seizure, it is unlikely that “Grace I” would prefer to cross the Gibraltar territorial sea, despite the negative atmosphere against Iran in the international community, though she could have crossed the area which is beyond Gibraltar territorial sea. Therefore, the UK has committed an internationally wrongful act by seizing the "Grace I" outside the EU's borders where EU regulations are certainly not applicable, which provides international responsibility for this state.
Keywords
Grace I
Gibraltar
European Union
Seizure of Vessel
Sanction
  1. بیگ‌زاده، ابراهیم، حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، انتشارات مجد، چاپ اول، تهران، 1389.
  2. حقیقت، سید صادق، روش‌شناسی علوم سیاسی، انتشارات دانشگاه مفید، چاپ دوم، قم، 1387.
  3. مرزبان، علی‌اکبر، سازمان بین‌المللی دریانوردی و نقش آن در صنعت دریانوردی و حقوق بین‌الملل دریایی، نشر اسرار دانش، تهران، 1391.
  4. مشیرزاده، حمیرا، تحول در نظریه‌های روابط بین‌الملل، انتشارات سمت، چاپ سوم، تهران، 1366.
  5. های، کالین، درآمدی انتقادی بر تحلیل سیاسی، ترجمه‌ احمد گل‌محمدی، نشر نی، تهران، 1385.

ب. مقاله‌ها

  1. ذاکرحسین، عبدالرحیم، «تاریخ تحولات حقوق بین‌الملل دریاها»، کانون وکلا، شماره‌ 152 و 153، 1369.
  2. طلایی، فرهاد و حیدری، الهام، «نقش سازمان‌های بین‌المللی دارای صلاحیت جهانی درمقابله با آلودگی زیست‏محیطی ناشی از پسماندها»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوقی، دورۀ هفتم، شماره 2، 1394.
  3. منصوری، ایرج، «دریانوردان در جابجایی پنج تریلیون دلار کالا در جهان نقش دارند»، وب‌سایت خبرگزاری ایرنا، 1396، (قابل دسترس در: irna.ir/fa/News/82587804).

ج. منابع لاتین

  1. Attard, David Joseph and Fitzmaurice, Malgosia and Martinez, Norman and Hamza, Riyaz, The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law: Volume III: Marine Environmental Law and Maritime Security Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.
  2. Beckman, Robert and Sun, Zhen, “The Relationship between UNCLOS and IMO Instruments”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy, Volume 2, Issue 2, 2017.
  3. Browne, Bruce p. and Jackson, Susan and Lundahl, Lyndell. “World Maritime University”, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2005.
  4. Chircop, Aldo, The Shipping Industry, IMO and the Law of the Sea, National Institute for South China Sea Studies (NISCS) Website, 2016, (Available at: nanhai.org.cn/uploads/file/20161107HY/kj/Aldo%20Chircop/Aldo%20ChircopThe%20Shipping%20Industry,%20IMO%20and%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf).
  5. IMLI, Faculty, International Maritime Law Institute Website, 2018, A, (Available at: www.imli.org/index.php?q=directories/faculty).
  6. IMLI, Governing Bodies, International Maritime Law Institute Website, 2018, B, (Available at: www.imli.org/index.php?q=directories/governing-bodies).
  7. IMLI, IMO International Maritime Law Institute, International Maritime Law Institute Website, 2018, C, (Available at: www.imli.org/about-us/imo-international-maritime-law-institute).
  8. IMLI, International Relations, International Maritime Organization Website, 2018, D, (Available at: www.imli.org/index.php?q=about-us/international-relations).
  9. IMLI, Resident Faculty, International Maritime Law Institute Website, 2018, E, (Available at: www.imli.org/index.php?q=directories/resident-faculty-0).
  10. IMO, 25 years of International Maritime Law Institute celebrated at IMO, International Maritime Organization Website, 2015, (Available at: www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/15-IMLI25.aspx#.W_Dtj9Uza01).
  11. IMO, Brief History of IMO, International Maritime Organization Website, 2018, (Available at: www.imo.org/en/About/HistoryOfIMO/Pages/Default.aspx).
  12. IMO, Resolution and the Other Decisions of the 22nd Assembly, IMO Publishing, London, 2002.
  13. IMO, Technical Co-operation Committee (TC), 59th session: 23-25 June 2009, International Maritime Organization Website, 2009, (Available at : imo.org/en/MediaCentre/MeetingSummaries/TC/Pages/TC-59th-Session.aspx).
  14. IMO, Internal Oversight Services, International Maritime Organization Website, 2016, (Available at: www.imo.org/en/OurWork/2015.pdf).
  15. IMSSEA, About us, International Maritime Safety Security And Environment Academy Website, 2018, A, (Available at: www.imssea.org/home/index.php/the-academy/about-us).
  16. IMSSEA, Institutional course catalogue, International Maritime Safety Security And Environment Academy Website, 2018, B, (Available at: www.imssea.org/home/index.php/studying-at-imssea/course-catalogue).
  17. IMSSEA, International Maritime Safety Security And Environment Academy, International Maritime Safety Security And Environment Academy Website, 2018, C, (Available at: www.imssea.org/home/download/IMSSEA2016_Course_Catalogue.pdf).
  18. Kwiatkowska, Barbara and Dotinga, Harm and Molenaar, Erik and Oude Elferink, Alex G. and Soons, Alfred, International Organizations and the Law of the Sea: Documentary Yearbook. Vol. 1, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, hague, 1999.
  19. Pavliha, Marko, International Relations and Law between Antiquity and Modernity: The Euro-Mediterranean Relations, University of Ljubljana Website, 2015, (Available at: www.fpp.uni-lj.si/obvestila/2015110208051073/).
  20. Pidwirny, Michael, Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Physical Geography Website, 2006, (Available at:physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html).
  21. Svenson, Nanette, The United Nations as a Knowledge System, Routledge, New York, 2015.
  22. WMU, History, World Maritime University Website, 2018, A, (Available at:wmu.se/historical-outlook).
  23. WMU, International Maritime Organization (IMO), World Maritime University Website, 2018, B, (Available at:wmu.se/about-us/imo-wmu).
  24. WMU, Mission Statement, World Maritime University Website, 2018, C, (Available at: www.wmu.se/about/mission-statement).
  25. WMU, Structure, World Maritime University Website, 2018, D, (Available at: www.wmu.se/about-us/wmu-structure).
  26. WMU, What governance structure wmu, World Maritime University Website, 2018, E, (Available at URL: www.wmu.se/faq/what-governance-structure-wmu).
  27. WMU, Who we are, World Maritime University Website, 2018, F, (Available at: www.wmu.se/who-we-are).
  28. Young, A. A, Allied Maritime Transport Council, Cornell University Library, New York, 1918.

  • Receive Date 03 August 2019
  • Revise Date 08 September 2019
  • Accept Date 10 January 2020