Judgment

Judgment

The Formation of Modern Judiciary in Iran: Examining the Rights of the Accused in the Supplement

Document Type : Scientific

Author
ali Ghesmati Tabrizi
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of humanities,Semnan University, Iran, ali_ghesmati@semnan.ac.ir
10.22034/judg.2025.2069028.1566
Abstract
The separation of obligations into "alternative and optional" is one of the topics that, despite scientific explanations in legal writings, is rarely used in judicial decisions and has been forgotten in legal terminology. Although the authors limit the presentation of this type of obligations to a few repetitive examples, by considering rules and legal relations, several examples can be identified and illustrated for them. On the other hand, and considering that public law rules are inherently imperative, it is often thought that the separation of "alternative" and "optional" obligations is also less applicable in this area and this division should only be studied in the case of private relations of individuals. Nevertheless, regardless of the fact that in numerous regulations provide the right of legal choice and selection for the government and executive organizations vis-à-vis the opponent (and Sometimes on the contrary); Considering the dominance of private law thinking in the structure of the Iranian legal system, it seems that the judges of the Administrative Court of Justice, without using the mentioned words, have been affected by the implicit influence of these concepts in providing a legal basis for the relations between the state and citizens. In this regard, we can mention the possibility of “purchasing of obligation to work” in the “Legal Bill Amending Articles 7 and 8 of the Law on Providing Equipment and facilities for the Education of Iranian Children and Youth” that Its implementation has created various legal issues and has led to numerous complaints in the Administrative Court of Justice. The subject of this article is to study the Administrative Court of Justice’s jurisprudence regarding the nature obligation to work in this legal bill and the applicability of the concept of alternative or optional obligation.




 
Keywords
free education
Obligation to work
alternative obligation
optional obligation
non-retroactivity of regulations

Subjects

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  • Receive Date 15 August 2025
  • Revise Date 11 September 2025
  • Accept Date 17 September 2025